An Analytical Framework for the Evolution of Large Language Models: From Reasoning to LLM-as-a-Judge
Author:
Mariam Khaled Obeidat
PhD in Computer Science, King Hussein School of Computing Sciences, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
doi.org/10.52132/Ajrsp.e.2026.88.1
This study aims to develop an integrative computational-analytical framework for explaining the functional evolution of large language models through four interrelated dimensions: Reasoning, Retrieval and Knowledge Grounding, Alignment, and Judging, collectively represented by the RRAJ framework. The study adopts a systematic analytical literature review of research published between 2020 and 2026, drawing on Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore, and applying comparative and thematic analysis to trace major technical transformations and functional relationships across the four dimensions. The findings indicate that the evolution of large language models is no longer driven primarily by model scaling, but increasingly by system scaling, in which knowledge, computation, and control are distributed across model parameters, contextual information, external knowledge sources, inference-time computation, and evaluation mechanisms. The analysis further reveals a shift from isolated capabilities toward functional convergence among RRAJ components, with LLM-as-a-Judge emerging as an important transition that enables evaluation to support diagnosis, feedback, and correction. The study concludes that future LLM systems are likely to become more adaptive, verifiable, self-evaluating, and self-correcting. It further recommends improving judge reliability, error traceability, and human oversight in high-risk applications, while exploring judge-governed execution as a future extension for agentic and robotic systems.
Keywords:
Large language models; RRAJ; reasoning; retrieval-augmented generation; alignment; LLM-as-a-Judge; functional convergence; self-evaluation; self-correction.
Academic Journal of Research and Scientific Publishing
